The ocean, world ocean, or simply the ocean, is a mass of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. It neutralizes the Earth's climate, and plays important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although it has been explored by sea since ancient times, the scientific study of the ocean — oceanography — became widespread after the voyages of Captain James Cook, who explored the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779. In geography, the word "sea" is used to refer to the Irish Sea, for example, for smaller, semi-terrestrial oceans, and "ocean" for the names of the five largest segments, for example the Pacific Ocean.
The most common ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Water contains magnesium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and many other components, some of which are in micronutrients. The salinity varies greatly, it is at its lowest at the surface and at the mouths of large rivers, and at the bottom of the ocean it is of great value; However, the relative proportions of the saline salts vary slightly from ocean to ocean. Oceans are currently absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the air, lowering the pH of seawater and causing a process called ocean acidification, which could damage marine ecosystems in the near future.
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